| 448 | 2 | 33 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
对犹太人政策是英国在巴勒斯坦委任统治政策的重要组成部分。在该政策变迁过程中，丘吉尔发挥了重要作用。出任殖民大臣后，丘吉尔将英国在巴勒斯坦推行的“扶犹排阿”的政策进行了部分调整，减少了对犹太人的扶助。1922年，丘吉尔又通过政策白皮书将“扶犹排阿”政策调整为“抑犹压阿”政策。二战前夕，张伯伦政府在巴勒斯坦推行“限犹拉阿”的政策，该政策遭到丘吉尔的强烈抨击。然而，丘吉尔出任首相后，却大体上沿袭了他曾经强烈反对的政策。这些政策调整体现出英国在该地区强烈的功利性动机和突出的投机性策略。
Abstract：The policy towards Jews is an important part of the British mandate policy in Palestine. Churchill played an important role in the process of this policy change. After assuming the post of colonial minister, Churchill partially adjusted the British policy of “supporting Jews and limiting Arabs” in Palestine, reducing the support to Jews. In 1922, Churchill adjusted the policy of “supporting Jews and limiting Arabs” to the policy of “restricting Jews and suppressing Arabs” through the policy white paper. On the eve of World War II, the Chamberlain government carried out the policy of “restricting Jews to attract Arabs” in Palestine. This policy was strongly criticized by Churchill. However, after Churchill became the British Prime Minister, he generally followed the policy he had strongly opposed.These adjustments reflect the strong utilitarian motivation and prominent speculative strategy of British policy in the region.
(1)Oskar K.Rabinowicz:Winston Churchill on Jewish Problem,Thomas Yoseloff LTD,1960;Martin Gilbert:Churchill and the Jews—a lifelong friendship,Newyork:2007;Michael Makovsky:Churchill’s Promised Land:Zionism and Statecraft,New Haven:Yale University Press,2007;Cohen J Michael:Churchill And The Jews,London:Frank Cass,2003;岳昕灿:《丘吉尔与一战后英国中东殖民政策研究》,北京大学历史学系2018年硕士论文。
(2)肖宪:《中东国家通史·以色列卷》,商务印书馆,2001年,第97页。
(3)Warren Dockter,Churchill and the Islamic World,London:I.B.Tauis & Co.Ltd,2015,p144.
(4)Jewish Agency for Palestine,Documents Relating to the Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate,London:1939,p7.
(5)一战时期,英国为了鼓动阿拉伯人的政教领袖侯赛因·伊本·阿里反抗奥斯曼土耳其帝国,答应他在战后建立一个独立的阿拉伯国家。1915年7月14日,侯赛因致信英国驻开罗高级专员麦克马洪,提出了这个阿拉伯国家的范围,其中包括巴勒斯坦。麦克马洪在对侯赛因提出的疆界进行了措辞模糊的修正后接受。然而,就在阿拉伯人与奥斯曼土耳其进行激烈战斗之际,1916年5月,英国却和法国签署了瓜分奥斯曼土耳其帝国领土的《赛克斯—皮科协议》,其中规定巴勒斯坦属于国际共管地区。在《贝尔福宣言》之中,英方又向犹太方面许诺,支持在巴勒斯坦地区建立“犹太民族家园”。
(6)Michael J.Cohen,Palestine to Israel :from Mandate to Independence,London,F.Cass,1988,p1.
(7)Michael Makovsky,Churchill’s Promised Land Zionism and Statecraft,Yale University Press,2007,p111.
(8)Commons Sitting of 14 June 1921 Series 5 Vol.143 HANSARD https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1921/jun/14/middle-eastern-services 2021.6.6.
(9)哈希姆家族是中东地区的名门望族之一,有着巨大的影响力。伊斯兰教的先知穆罕默德便是出自这个家族。该家族世代居住于伊斯兰教圣地麦加,拥有“谢里夫”(阿拉伯语“圣裔”“贵人”的含义)的称号。一战前后,英国对该家族进行了大力争取,使之出现了亲英的倾向。
(10)Official Reports of Deputation of Executive Committee of the Haifa Congress,CHAR/8/260 Page77-82,The Churchill Archive.
(11)Reply by Mr.Churchill,CHAR/8/260 Page82,The Churchill Archive.
(12)Mr.Churchill’s Reply,CHAR/8/260 Page84,The Churchill Archive.
(13)Reply by Mr.Churchill,CHAR/8/260 Page82,The Churchill Archive.
(14)Reply by Mr.Churchill,CHAR/8/260 Page83,The Churchill Archive.
(15)Martin Gilbert,Winston S.Churchill,Ⅳ,Boston :Houghton Mifflin Co.,1971—1975,p.585.
(16)The Churchill White Paper,https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-202945/2021.6.6.
(17)李平民:《英国的分而治之与阿以冲突的根源》,上海社会科学院出版社,2000年,第220页。
(18)Bernard Wasserstein,The British in Palestine :the mandatory government and Arab-Jewish conflict,1917-1929 ,Oxford,B.Blackwell,p135.
(19)W.Preuss,The Economic Effects of Jewish Immigration in Palestine,The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.164,(Nov.1932):pp108-115.
(20)李平民:《英国的分而治之与阿以冲突的根源》,上海社会科学院出版社,2000年,第220页。
(21)刘中民:《从阿拉伯民族主义到巴勒斯坦民族主义:20世纪上半叶巴勒斯坦地区民族主义的发展与转型》,《西亚非洲》,2011年第7期。
(22)Royal Institute of International Affairs,Summary of British White Paper,Bulletin of International News Vol.16,No.11 (Jun.3,1939):pp7-10.
(23)Commons Sitting of 23 May 1939 Series 5 Vol.347,HANSARD https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1939/may/23/palestine 2019-10-10.
(24)Anne Murray,The United States,Great Britain,and the Middle East:discourse and dissidents,New York:Columbia University Press,p151.
(25)Commons Sitting of 23 May 1939 Series 5 Vol.347,HANSARD https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1939/may/23/palestine 2019-10-10.
(26)Chaim Weizmann,The letters and papers of Chaim Weizmann,Series A:Letters,vol 19,London:Oxford U.P,1968-1980,p88.
(27)Cohen J Michael,Palestine to Israel:From Mandate to Independence,Totowa,N.J,F.Cass,c1988.p49.
(28)Norman Rose,Chaim Weizmann:A Biography,New York:Viking Penguin inc,1986,p357.
(29)Chaim Weizmann,The letters and papers of Chaim Weizmann,Series A:Letters,vol 21,London:Oxford U.P,1968-1980,p19.
(30)Oskar K.Rabinowicz,Winston Churchill on Jewish Problem.New York and London:Thomas Yoseloff LTD,1960,p110.
(31)杨辉:《中东国家通史·巴勒斯坦卷》,商务印书馆,2002年,第139页。
(32)Michael Makovsky,Churchill’s Promised Land Zionism and Statecraft,New Haven:Yale University Press,2007,p217.
基本信息:
DOI：10.16366/j.cnki.1000-2359.2023.01.12
中图分类号:K561.4;D856.1
引用信息:
[1]李方恩,王皖强.论委任统治时期英国的巴勒斯坦犹太政策——以丘吉尔的政策调整为视角[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2023,50(01):86-93.DOI:10.16366/j.cnki.1000-2359.2023.01.12.
基金信息:
国家社科基金一般项目(17BSS014)
2023-03-07
2023-03-07
2023-03-07