政治任命制度:一种新的类型学分析
郝永康;郭巍青;
摘要(Abstract)：
政治任命是现代国家文官制度中的一个重要环节,对于文官制度的运行和效能有重要影响。政治任命制度主要以美国总统制模式和英国议会制模式为代表,但在不同的国家中具体运作方式有很多差异,目前国内的相关文献中,对于导致这些不同之处的原因还缺乏深入系统的分析。影响政治任命具体运作的两个最重要变量是政党和文官。依据这两个变量,可以将主要发达国家(地区)的政治任命制度分为五个类型,即政党主导均衡型、政党主导强行政型、政党主导强政治型、个人主导强政治型、个人主导强行政型,它们分别有其不同的制度运作逻辑。
关键词(KeyWords)： 政治任命;类型学;政治与行政;政党;文官
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Authors): 郝永康;郭巍青;
DOI: 10.16366/j.cnki.1000-2359.2019.05.005
参考文献(References)：
- (1)Allern,Elin,Carina Bischoff and Gunnar Kristinsson.Political Control or Bureaucratic Autonomy?A Comparison of Public Appointments in Denmark,Iceland and Norway.2011.Paper for the 6th ECPR General Conference.Retrieved June 2019 .
- (2)Ateesh Chanda .Systems of Political Appointment.Hong Kong Civic Exchange.2001.
- (3)Bendor,Jonathan,Ami Glazer and Thomas Hammond.Theories of Delegation.Annual Review of Political Science .2001(4):477-496.
- (4)Dahlstr?m,Carl.Political appointments in 18 Democracies,1975-2007.QoG Working paper series 18.Retrieved June 2019 .
- (5)Kaufman,Herbert.Emerging Conflicts in the Doctrines of Public Administration.Public Administration Review.1956(50):1057-1073.
- (6)Rourke,Francis.Responsiveness and Neutral Competence in American Bureaucracy.Public Administration Review .1992.52 (6):539-46.
- (7)Heclo,Hugh.OMB and the Presidency-the Problem of Neutral Competence.The Public Interest.1975(38):80-98.
- (8)Rauch,James and Peter Evans.Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in Less-Developed Countries.Journal of Public Economics .1975 (1):49-71.
- (9)Congress.gov.2006.Hurricane Katrina:A Nation Still Unprepared.Retrieved 2019 (6).
- (10)Bok,Derek.Government Personnel Policy in Comparative Perspective.For the People:Can We Fix Public Service,USA:Brookings Institution.2003:255-272
- (11)Bilmes,Linda and Jeffrey Neal.The People Factor:Human Resources Reform in Government.For the People:Can We Fix Public Service,USA:Brookings Institution.2003:113-133
- (12)Page,Edward.Political Authority and Bureaucratic Power:A Comparative Analysis.USA:Harvester Wheatsheaf.1992.
- (13)Pra?a,Sérgio,Andréa Freitas and Bruno Hoepers.Political Appointments and Coalition Management in Brazil,2007-2010.Journal of Politics in Latin America .2011 (2):141-172.
- (14)石庆环:《美国文官群体研究》,社会科学文献出版社,2011年,第19页。
- (15)Lewis,David.The Politics of Presidential Appointments:Political Control and Bureaucratic Performance.USA:Princeton University Press.2008.
- (16)石庆环:《美国文官群体研究》,社会科学文献出版社,2011年,第34-35页。
- (17)宋世明:《分类管理:美、英、法三国执政党管“干部”之演变规律》,《经济社会体制比较(双月刊)》,2009年第2期。
- (18)Ateesh Chanda .Systems of Political Appointment.Hong Kong Civic Exchange.2001.
- (19)Pfiffner,James.Political Appointees and Career Executives:The Democracy-Bureaucracy Nexus in the Third Century.”Public Administration Review.1987 (1):57-65.
- (20)Lewis,David.The Politics of Presidential Appointments:Political Control and Bureaucratic Performance.USA:Princeton University Press.2008:202.
- (21)Lewis,David.The Politics of Presidential Appointments:Political Control and Bureaucratic Performance.USA:Princeton University Press.2008:204
- (22)Bertelli,Anthony and Sven Feldmann.Strategic Appointments.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory .January2006.
- (23)戴维·B.马格莱比,保罗·C.莱特:《民治政府:美国政府与政治》,吴爱明、夏宏图译,中国人民大学出版社,2014年,第232页。
- (24)Silberman,Bernard.Cages of Reason:The Rise of the Rational State in France,Japan,the United States,and Great Britain.USA:University of Chicago Press.1993.
- (25)Allern,Elin,Carina Bischoff and Gunnar Kristinsson.Political Control or Bureaucratic Autonomy?A Comparison of Public Appointments in Denmark,Iceland and Norway.2011.Paper for the 6th ECPR General Conference.Retrieved June 2019 .
- (26)Dahlstr?m,Carl.Political appointments in 18 Democracies,1975-2007.QoG Working paper series 18.Retrieved June 2019 .
- (27)Dahlstr?m,Carl and Mikael Holmgren.The Politics of Political Appointments.QoG Working Paper Series.Retrieved June 2019 .
- (28)丹尼斯·卡瓦纳:《英国政治:延续与变革》(第四版),刘凤霞,张正国译,世界知识出版社,2014年,第331页。
- (29)比尔·考克瑟,林顿·罗宾斯,罗伯特·里奇:《当代英国政治(第四版)》,孔新峰、蒋鲲译,北京大学出版社,2009年,第316页。
- (30)周柏均,张惠霖:《在选定国家中政府高级人员的任命程序》,香港立法会秘书处资料研究及图书馆服务处,2002年,第7页。
- (31)Brazier,Rodney.Ministers of the Crown.UK:Clarendon Press.1997.
- (32)Boyne,George et al.Does Political Change Affect Senior Management Turnover?An Empirical Analysis of Top-Tier Local Authorities in England.Public Administration.2010 (1):136-153.
- (33)Thomas,Graham.Prime Minister and Cabinet Today.UK:Manchester University Press.1998.
- (34)Eisen,Mark.Who’s Running This Place?A Comparative Look at the Political Appointment System in the United States and Britain and What the United States Can Learn.BOSTON UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL.2012.
- (35)Heffernan,Richard.Why the Prime Minister Cannot be A President:Comparing Institutional Imperatives in Britain and America.Parliamentary Affairs.2005 (1):53-70.
- (36)White,Michael.Guardian Election Daily:David Cameron Names His Cabinet.The Guardian.Retrieved June 2019 .
- (37)Peters,Guy and Jon Pierre.Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective.UK:Routledge.2004.
- (38)Smith,Martin.The Core Executive in Britain.UK:Macmillan International Higher Education.1999.
- (39)Auer,Matthew,Presidential Environmental Appointees in Comparative Perspective.Public Administration Review.2008.(1):68-80.
- (40)Christensen,Gr?nneg?rd,Robert Klemmensen and Niels Opstrup.Politicization and the Replacement of Top Civil Servants in Denmark.Governance .2014 (2):215-241.
- (41)Krause,George,David Lewis and James Douglas.Political Appointments,Civil Service Systems,and Bureaucratic Competence:Organizational Balancing and Executive Branch Revenue Forecasts in the American States.American Journal of Political Science .2006 (3):770-787.
- (42)Dahlstr?m,Carl.Political appointments in 18 Democracies,1975-2007.QoG Working paper series 18.Retrieved June 2019 .
- (43)彭锦鹏:《高级文官团制度之聚合趋势》,《欧美研究》,2007年第4期。
- (44)黄丽菁:《若干海外国家的政府体制:日本》,香港立法会秘书处资料研究及图书馆服务处,2000年,第7页。
- (45)王英津:《台湾地区政治体制分析》,九州出版社,2010年,第129页。